©
Jeff Matthews
If you are of a certain age —and who isn't?—
you may remember a day when there was no such thing as
one-stop-and-shop. If you wanted bread, you went to a
bakery; you wanted ice, you waited for the ice-man to
come to you; a pickle, you went to the pickle person.
And sometimes even the pickle person came to you! (Don't
tell me they never existed; I have sold pickles out of a
barrel, door-to-door!) Naples now has as many gigantic
superstores as anywhere else, but there are any number
of books about the Naples of old that describe the
professions of old. Some of these jobs no longer exist,
and some do. I found these delightful drawings on the
backs of a series of "Tombola"
cards (a kind of Italian Bingo).
The Cicerone. That was
the name of the Italian profession and was, as well,
used in English. The Oxford English Dictionary has the
first English citation from 1726: "It surprised me to
see my cicerone
so well acquainted with busts and statues of all the
great people of antiquity" and then adds, "...our
English quotations are earlier than any given in the
Italian dictionaries." (That is interesting,
since the English word is Italian. Cicerone is
simply the modern Italian name for the Roman orator,
Cicero. Where English uses the straight Latin
nominative case for most Roman names ending in 'o'—Cicero,
Plato, Nero—modern
Italian truncates the Latin accusative case of Ciceronem, Platonem, Neronem and winds
up with Cicerone,
Platone, Nerone.) Cicero,
obviously, was used out of deference to his fabled
learning and oratory skills. He might be pleased (or
puzzled) to know that today his name means "tour guide."The card indicates that this is a "cicerone" from Pozzuoli. It would have been his job to show visitors the solfatara and the Roman ruins of Baia and Pozzuoli (such as the great Flavian amphitheater). Obviously, the profession still exists, especially at large tourist attractions such as Pompeii. Today, people simply say "guida"—guide, although there still exists the expression, "fare il cicerone"—to act as a tour guide.
The Puppeteer. The card is labelled
'Bagatelle'. That is strange usage and seems to be a
description of, rather than the name of, the
profession; that is, trifling, of little import. etc.
The legitimate Italian name for the profession is
Burattinaio, from burattino—puppet. Strangely enough,
I have seen puppet shows even in this age of
television, computer games, and wall-to-wall
electronic gimcrackery. The scene is usually a Sunday
morning in a park where parents still take their kids
out for a stroll. Maybe puppet shows are so "retro"
that the novelty is entertaining (much like
dial-phones and LP's!), but the young children seem to
enjoy the show. In this particular drawing, the puppet
being held up looks like the Neapolitan iconic
character, Pulcinella,
which name is the source of the English term "Punch"
in, appropriately, the "Punch and Judy" shows—puppet
shows.
The Wetnurse. The Italian label is nutrice"—a woman who nourishes. In this age of synthetic baby formula, this is one profession that has gone out of fashion. They were also very expensive, since the family that hired one was expected to provide the woman with clothing and upkeep for the time her services were required. Technically, nutrice might have referred to "wet" and "dry," the latter service being little more like a nanny or even full-time baby-sitter. (That appears to be the case in this drawing, although maybe the woman is just taking a break.) An elderly woman informed me that she remembers cases of these women in her village virtually abandoning their own children to seek lucrative employment in the big city as wetnurses for the wealthy.
The Zampognari. There is no
one-word translation. It means, "The musicians who come
around at Christmas time"; one of them plays the ciaramella (a
double-reed folk oboe, in the foreground in this
drawing) and the other plays the Neapolitan bagpipes,
called the zampogna.These musicians are still quite common at Christmas in Naples. In some cases they don't even look much different than the two in the drawing, since rustic garb is part of symbolizing the shepherds in the Gospel of Luke who received the "good tidings of great joy" and then went forth to "glorify and praise God for the things that they had heard and seen." It comes as a surprise to many to learn that the bagpipes are traditional in many places in the world outside of Scotland, including southern Italy. The zampognari generally play only one song, a Neapolitan dialect carol entitled Quanno Nascette Ninno (When the Child was born); it is the original minor-key version of Tu scendi dalle Stelle, the most popular of all Italian Christmas songs. Today these musicians are "buskers" (street musicians) and expect you to give them some more tangible form of "good tidings."
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